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Álvaro of Córdoba
Paulus Alvarus (also known as Paul Alvarus, Paul Albar, Alvaró de Córdoba), c. 800 – 861 CE, was a ninth-century Mozarab scholar, poet, and theologian who lived in Southern Iberia during the period of Muslim rule. He is most notable for his writings around the time of a string of persecutions and executions of Christians in the 850s by the Muslim government. He also wrote the ''Vita Eulogii'' (‘The Life of Eulogius’), a biography of his close friend and fellow theologian Saint Eulogius of Cordoba. Although Christians living in Córdoba and the rest of Muslim Iberia during his time lived under relative religious freedom, Alvarus was amongst the Christians who perceived the many restrictions on the practice of their faith to be unacceptable persecution; they regarded with extreme scorn Christians who participated in the Muslim government, converted to Islam, or simply concealed their true beliefs. As a result of these religious tensions Alvarus’s writings are characterized by contempt of all things Muslim and he considered Muhammed to have been the precursor to the Antichrist.〔Tolan, ''Saracens'', 90.〕
==Background==
From the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711CE until the end of the ''Reconquista'' in 1492 the majority of the Iberian Peninsula came to be dominated by the Muslim state of Al-Andalus. During this period there were significant Christian and Jewish communities living under Muslim rule who were allowed to continue to practice their religion more or less freely. However, the so-called ‘Martyrs of Córdoba’ – about forty-eight Christians – were executed in Córdoba between 850 and 859 by Muslim authorities. These Christians sought out martyrdom deliberately by verbally attacking Islam and Muhammed in areas of concentrated Muslim governance and religious worship, and consequently they were condemned for blasphemy.〔Wolf, ''Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain'', 24.〕 This sudden spike in religious tension resulted in increased persecutions of Christians, even moderate ones, which meant that the martyrs’ actions were not always well received by more moderate Christians.〔Wolf, ''Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain'', 64.〕
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